Botticelli And His Portrayal Of Women Essays - Spring, Nude Art

Botticelli And His Portrayal Of Women Essays - Spring, Nude Art Botticelli And His Portrayal Of Women Botticelli is one of the most famous artists during the Italian Renaissance. He was very well know for the portrayal of the female figure and his ability to incorporate femininity as a symbol of life itself and/or nature illustrated by the changes of seasons. Botticelli most famous figure was that of Venus, the goddess of love. She was incorporated into two of his most famous works, The Birth of Venus and Primavera. Most of Botticellis women had that typical hourglass figure to them . During the time period in which these works were created, women with the physical characteristics of Venus were considered to be the ideal feminine figure. These women were considered to be ideal because during this era, flesh was a symbol of health, wealth, and stability (Sandro , 1). Women of this built were obviously healthy because this showed that they ate well and were thus financially secure. Thin women on the other hand were viewed as being poor and thus underfed and unhealthy due to lack of funds and hard labor. Also, men viewed Venus (especially her wide hips) to be the perfect figure, because they saw that type of figure to be designed especially for the purposes of child bearing (Turner 151). Venus, the goddess of love, is illustrated in Sandro Botticellis The Birth of Venus, as the ultimate glorification of the female figure, because this painting depicts the beginning of all beginnings, which is the birth of the goddess of love herself. It depicts this image because she is drawn as a pure person, not knowing much about what is happening. Botticelli does not show any signs of disrespect towards women. In fact in this painting, even though the goddess is Rizzo 2 nude, he depicts her in such a fashion that shows she has self-confidence and lack of embarrassment. The arm that covers her breasts and the log hair covering the genitals is how she is preventing herself from being exposed and essentially how he maintains her modesty (Dempsey, 35). Botticelli also delineates the love goddess to be sexy. He creates this illusion by giving her the long, wavy, golden hair. In general, long hair is considered to be sexy. Botticelli adds the wind factor, which in turn makes Venus more attracting because it leaves to the mind the imagination of her becoming nude if she did not hold the hair in the position that he placed it. The slight coverage of the breasts and the genitals is what makes Venus to be a very sexy and attractive woman. Revealing just a slight bit of the private areas is very attracting. It leaves to the imagination the rest of the picture. Botticelli represents the beauty of his women in another of his famous works. In Primavera, he depicts the birth of a new beginning. Back in that time period, spring meant new life. Flowers bloomed and people survived harsh winters. Botticelli is brilliant in the way he depicts this rebirth. The chronology of Primavera runs right to left, contrary to the pictorial sequence in the standard painting. He depicts the painting in this order because according to the Roman calendar, spring unfolded from right to left (Turner, 152). The painting begins with Chloris. Chloris is supposedly the reason for the appearance of Flora, the goddess of flowers. Chloris was raped by Zephyr, the man all the way to the right of the painting (Dempsey, 44). The flowers Rizzo 3 that come out of her mouth, onto Floras dress (whom Chloris was transformed into after the rape), symbolize the birth of a new beginning. This is said to be the part where the new beginning comes about. The flowers from Flora then begin to emerge from the bottom of Venuss feet. Venus in this painting is once again meant to be the beginning of the beginning of a new life. Spring is the known to be the beginning of new life because that meant that one survived the harsh winters. In this painting, Venus symbolizes the survival of the past season. The three goddesses to the left of Venus symbolize the blooming of the upcoming season (Dempsey, 62). Even though the artist uses these women as a

Quotes of Alexander Graham Bell

Quotes of Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell was the inventor who was first to patent a successful telephone apparatus and later commercializes a domestic telephone network. To quote Alexander Graham Bell, we have to start with the first voice message ever transmitted, which was, Mr. Watson - come here - I want to see you. Watson was Bells assistant at the time and the quote was the first sound of a voice ever transmitted by electricity. Alexander Graham Bell Quotes Wherever you may find the inventor, you may give him wealth or you may take from him all that he has; and he will go on inventing. He can no more help inventing that he can help thinking or breathing. The inventor looks upon the world and is not contented with things as they are. He wants to improve whatever he sees, he wants to benefit the world; he is haunted by an idea. The spirit of invention possesses him, seeking materialization. Great discoveries and improvements invariably involve the cooperation of many minds. I may be given credit for having blazed the trail, but when I look at the subsequent developments I feel the credit is due to others rather than to myself. When one door closes, another door opens; but we so often look so long and regretfully upon the closed door, that we do not see the ones which open for us. What this power is I cannot say; all I know is that it exists and it becomes available only when a man is in that state of mind in which he knows exactly what he wants and is fully determined not to quit until he finds it. America is a country of inventors, and the greatest of inventors are the newspaper men. The final result of our researches has widened the class of substances sensitive to light vibrations until we can propound the fact of such sensitiveness being a general property of all matter. Perseverance must have some practical end, or it does not avail the man possessing it. A person without a practical end in view becomes a crank or an idiot. Such persons fill our asylums. A man, as a general rule, owes very little to what he is born with – a man is what he makes of himself. Concentrate all of your thoughts upon the work at hand. The sun’s rays do not burn until brought to a focus. The most successful men, in the end, are those whose success is the result of steady accretion. Watson, if I can get a mechanism which will make a current of electricity vary in its intensity, as the air varies in density when a sound is passing through it, I can telegraph any sound, even the sound of speech.​ I then shouted into the mouthpiece the following sentence: Mr. Watson, Come here, I want to see you. To my delight, e came and declared that he had heard and understood what I said. I asked him to repeat the words. He answered, You said, Mr. Watson, come here I want to see you.

Iola Leroy or, Shadows Uplifted by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Essay

Iola Leroy or, Shadows Uplifted by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper - Essay Example Harper Harper was born on September 24, 1825, in Baltimore, Maryland, and died on February 22, 1911, in Philadelphia, Pa. She was 86 years old when she died. During her lifetime she was recognized by historians as being one of the most important women of her time, not only as an African American author but also as an orator and as a social reformer.(1) interpreting the work, you will address either the question of meaning or significance. In other words, the key question (choose one) that you want to answer is: what does the work mean Answer: Problem with Themes which confuses what the novel is all about: First Paragraph introduces the work Significance of book, as well as contradictions to thesis: The book is important to American Literature because of its accurate descriptions concerning the cruelties suffered by slaves prior to and during the Civil War. (2) And while this also appears to be the main theme of the book, there are others which fight for this place. Three of these are: the life of the author as a social reformer in the late 1800's; the romantic life of Iola Leroy, who was also a social reformer, and the history of Christianity in the African American culture. One of the reasons this it is so difficult to understand the principal theme is that Harper uses two voices to tell the different stories in the novel. She uses the dialect of slaves in the first person voice to tell about the horrors they survived prior to and during the Civil War. This voice clearly tells the story of slavery in that era. The other voice is that of the third person. It is the voice of the author and speaks of her life as much or more than it does the life of Iola, the protagonist. The fact that Iola does not appear until the sixth chapter of the novel makes it more difficult to determine her place in the theme of the novel. Another confusing factor is the style of the book as a historic romance novel. Like most of these books, this novel spins a tale of fantasy romance with a happily ever after ending. In addition to these themes, the second part of the book's title implies the theme of shadows lurking over the characters in the book. One wonders if the book is about the shadows that haunt Harper as a Black American Woman or the lives of the characters in the book. Yet, this theme is not fully developed and, therefore, could not be called a central theme. This is just as true for the theme of the history of Christianity. Although the stories regarding this are entertaining they sometimes take away from the seriousness of the stories about slavery and they affects society. The back and forth movement of these stories add to the reader's confusion in searching for the meaning of the book. And there appears to be even more themes in the book, including that of the story of a Black American feminist. It is questionable as to whether or not the character of Iola is patterned after Harper's own life. Both women face discrimination, not only because of the "color" of their skin, but also because of their gender. This is a theme that could further be developed to make the novel more interesting in this respect. For example, Harper could expand on the occurrences of discrimination than Iola faces-describing more vividly how these takes place as

Comparative analysis of food retailers growth strategies in the UK Research Paper

Comparative analysis of food retailers growth strategies in the UK - Research Paper Example Traill (1998) asserts that the food retail sector is characterized by competitive and innovative retailers who have remain resilient despite economic downturns. There are high stable street independent retailers, but most of them struggle to survive due to the rapidly changing business environment and changes in consumer behaviour (Henry, 2011). There is evidence of high concentration of economic power by the industries in the food retail chain between the primary producers and consumers (Henry, 2011). The supermarket model in the UK is characterized by self-service shopping with various departments that handle the production and distribution of the food grocery items. The sector has made savings through elimination of the traditional wholesaler, and ensuring direct supply from the manufacturing industries to regional distribution centers, and finally to the superstores that are conveniently located near the customers (Department of Trade and Industry, 2004). The lower unit costs and high net margins associated with supermarkets have increased their market share and contributed to ‘spiral growth’. Some of the features that are evident in the spiral growth of the leading supermarket retailers such as Tesco and Wal-Mart include the high costs of market entry due to the lower prices. For instance, Wal-Mart’ s ‘Every Day Low pricing model’ ensures savings made in the supply chain activities are passed on to consumers through price reductions thus contributing to high sales volumes and significant market growth. Accordingly, the spiral growth is characterized by own labeling that return the highest contribution margins to the retailers. The retailers’ brands are capable of competing effectively with the manufacturer’s brands through packaging and shelf placement. The own labels do not only enhance the revenues, but also improve the retailer brand

Pepsi One Case Study Journal Essay Example for Free

Pepsi One Case Study Journal Essay PepsiCo, along with Coca-Cola, are two firms dominating the U. S beverage market with almost 76% collectively in 1998. This rivalry became more serious as PepsiCo released Pepsi One in order to increase its market. By properly applying the market audit, Pepsi One has succeeded in expanding the market, considered as a Pepsi core displays. Business structures of rivals, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola are virtually similar. As customers demand delicious products, firms have turned to marketing service companies, reducing their role as manufacturers. Its American operations have been transformed into sales and development markets. Innovation and technology departments are established, taking responsibilities of generating new products, packaging, and equipment. PepsiCo and Coca-Cola have the same business objectives which are strengthening brand image, expanding market, and beating their rivals in the beverage market, particularly for carbonated soft-drinks. PepsiCo’s marketing goal was to enhance customer’s awareness of its brand image, inform them about its new products, and reduce the consumer resistance to buy the products. In order to obtain these goals, PepsiCo has applied the market audit. Basing on the current results, it was founded that beverages with cola flavor witnessed a downward trend in sale as the customers were expecting a better tasting soft-drink. Hence, the concept for the new product was to develop a low-calorie drink that was similar to sugared soft-drink while avoiding the bitter aftertaste. Subsequently, by utilizing market analysis, particularly market segmentation and market targeting, the marketing department figured out who was going to be Pepsi One’s market. Pepsi One was then considered as a soft-drink for young men in their 20s and 30s who are afraid of the word diet and the bitter aftertaste. By conducting these tests, Pepsi believed their new product would reach a whole new audience. The role of marketing department in achieving PepsiCo’s marketing goals was undeniable since it is important to comprehend the market trend before launching a new product, the innovation and technology departments also had a significant role because being creative and to differentiate the products is markedly demanded in a highly competitive market. These departments advocated Pepsi One by using a unique marketing strategy to capture the market. At this point, the chairman of PepsiCo (1997) claimed â€Å"This is a real-time business, and we’re going to be a real-time company†. It is clear that Pepsi One flourished due to the contribution of these two departments. In conclusion, Pepsi One has succeeded in the soft-drink market. This is derived from understanding the market through market audit and using an appropriate market strategy. Pepsi One has helped its firm to gain the market and beat its rival Coca-Cola at low calorie soft-drink market.

Illusion and Fairies in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay

Illusion and Fairies in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream The main theme of love in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream is explored by four young lovers, who, for the sake of their passions, quit the civilized and rational city of Athens, and its laws, and venture into the forest, there to follow the desires of their hearts - or libidos as the case may be. In this wild and unknown wilderness, with the heat and emotion commonly brought on by a midsummer night, they give chase, start duels, profess their love and hatred and otherwise become completely confused and entangled in the realities and perceptions of their own emotions. What better opportunity for Shakespeare to introduce a world of fairies then this? Shakespeare's fairies live in this wild forest were they love, fight, play and helpfully sort the poor young lovers out before sending them off, back to their own civilized world. Like many of the other elements in this play Shakespeare gives his fairies a healthy mix of illusion and reality. The Fairies use illusion in their exploi ts and Shakespeare uses them in the Dream in such a way that one might ask: are they even real or are they themselves an illusion? Because of Shakespeare's unique portrayal of the fairy world of A Midsummer Night's Dream it is often criticized as being contrary to the popular folk beliefs of fairies at the time. The fairies in the Dream which are described as "Diminutive, pleasing and picturesque sprites" are thought to "present themselves as a new race of fairies, as different from the popular fairies of tradition as are those fairies from the fays of medieval romances" (Latham 180). It is this "diminutive" stature of the fairies that is brought up the most often by critics who b... ...audience, imploring them that if they wish not to believe what they have seen, then they might think of it as a dream as well (Epilogue). This from the mouth of their well-known and loved Robin Goodfellow only serves to convince even more. And Robin has been known as Puck ever since. Bibliography Briggs, K. M. The Anatomy of Puck. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1959. Briggs, Katharine M. The Vanishing People. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1978. Hunt, Leigh Day By The Fire. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1870. Latham, Minor White Ph.D. The Elizabethan Fairies. New York: Columbia University Press, 1930. Ovid Metamorphoses. Trans. A. D. Melville, Intro and Notes E. J. Kenney. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Shakespeare, William "A Midsummer Night's Dream." The Norton Shakespeare: Comedies. Ed. S. Greenblatt et al. New York: Norton, 1997.

Mutual interest discovery

Social skills and social interaction need not be taught explicitly to young students. Instead of discussing social skills theoretically or through an academic discourse headed by the teacher, the mutual interest discovery model introduces a process of structured activities for students. This process aims to increase peer acceptance by having students discover similarities they have with others. The prevalent presumption is that attraction between people increases as known shared similar attributes increases. It is further postulated that the higher level of self-disclosure between two people, the deeper liking there is for one another (Burger, 1981). This model was applied to students with learning disabilities; however, it has been applied to classes where students need not necessarily have such disabilities. To introduce this social skills activity to a class of elementary school students, the procedure was outlined and I shared some of my own interests with the group. The students were then asked to pair up with one other. I thought this activity to be a timely remedy since in this particular group several of the students did not get along well with the others. The activity proved fruitful as I observed that those who had strained or distant relationships prior to the activity were observed to have become more sociable to each another. I consider this activity a greater success with the marked change between one 2nd grade boy and a 4th grade girl. They had been talking and discovered that they both had scars in their chest area from surgeries they had undergone. They were so pleased that they even came up to me saying â€Å"So and so is the same as me! We both have a line.† Now, every time that they see each other in school they hug each other. The older girl has become like an older sister to the smaller boy. I regard not just the activity as a success, but I myself feel fulfilled. Such change effected into the life of pupils was more than I could have hoped for from this interaction activity. It brings a renewed drive to teach and a deeper significance to this most dignified profession. Reference: Burger, Jerry M. Self-Disclosure and Liking During Initial Encounters: An Attributional Approach. Social Behavior and Personality, 1981, 9 (2), 179-183.

Imperialism during the Progressive Era Essay

Imperialism is defined as the policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political domination over other nations. Throughout the time period many people considered Imperialism as another way of reform and Progression. Economics, the military, and the countries nationalism were all ready for the change. This idea of expanding was called the New Manifest Destiny. At this time period, Imperialism was getting very popular, and many began to think that the more land a country annexed, the more powerful it was. Expansionists believed that European countries were already rapidly growing spreading across the globe. Also, they saw that if Americans did not join the imperialism rule, it would end up missing out on power, and may be considered a weaker nation. Imperialism was needed for economic gain and America urgently needed foreign trade, especially with China at this time period. In addition, The United States was cons idered to be a great empire and by not showing their strength and power they might be envisioned as a weak nation. At the same rate, many Americans also saw that if the United States started to take other countries by force, it would go against the ideals of our own country. If economic growth occurred, we would need to build and protect our new empires, and this could very easily be a problem. Three presidents at this time period were very influential in their progressive views. One of these was Theodore Roosevelt. â€Å"Speak softly and carry a big stick†, a quote by Roosevelt himself, expresses his â€Å"Big-stick† diplomacy, stating that the threat of military force would be used to influence politics in other countries. Next, Taft’s dollar diplomacy states that money can influence decision-making and that America should expand and invest out of the country. Finally, Wilson believed that Americans should spread the beliefs of human rights, democracy, and word peace. This idea was called the â€Å"Humanity† diplomacy. Another important factor was the Panama Canal. This canal was a very key factor in both trade, and military strategy. For many years, travelers looked for an easier way to trade from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and this was it. One of the weaknesses of Imperialism, is that whenever the United States saw problems in one of the local areas, such as Cuba having problems with Spanish rule, America felt  the need to intrude. Eventually, this lead to the Mexican revolution and the Philippine revolt.

Free Essays on Nan Goldin

Nan Goldin’s contribution to the epidemic of AIDS has been her friends. Through her visual diary of photography, she gives a human face to AIDS. Known as the â€Å"gay cancer† upon its widespread discovery, many of Goldin’s friends or members of her extended family (that she refers to lovingly as her tribe), were afflicted by this unforgiving disease. One of the most memorable of her works about AIDS is The Cookie Portfolio. It is the narrative of Cookie Mueller. In the accompanying text, Goldin says she â€Å"thought that if I photographed someone enough, I could never really lose them.† (Goldin, I’ll Be Your Mirror, 256). But has admitted that when she put the portfolio together it made her realize how little photography did because it could not save her friend. The first three images I have selected are from The Cookie Portfolio (Goldin, I’ll Be Your Mirror, 256-273). The first two, Cookie laughing, NYC 1985 and Cookie with me after I was punched, Baltimore, Md., 1986, show Cookie Mueller as a friend. Even though she is alone in the first image, she is engaged in genuine laughter with someone outside of the frame. She is a part of the world, engaged in it and very much involved in it, as an actress, a writer, a mother, a lover, and as a friend. She is especially portrayed as a friend in the second image. Nan Goldin has just been punched by another photographer at a convention. Mueller stands by her side with a fierce loyalty. She also holds onto Goldin’s shoulder in a protective, motherly way. Even as she is an actress, a writer, a mother, a lover, and a friend, she is also a woman with AIDS. It is in the last image of Mueller that one begins to see the isolation that begins to take over. It is a self-imposed isolation as well as one that society contrives upon those who are different. In Cookie being x-rayed, NYC, October... Free Essays on Nan Goldin Free Essays on Nan Goldin Nan Goldin’s contribution to the epidemic of AIDS has been her friends. Through her visual diary of photography, she gives a human face to AIDS. Known as the â€Å"gay cancer† upon its widespread discovery, many of Goldin’s friends or members of her extended family (that she refers to lovingly as her tribe), were afflicted by this unforgiving disease. One of the most memorable of her works about AIDS is The Cookie Portfolio. It is the narrative of Cookie Mueller. In the accompanying text, Goldin says she â€Å"thought that if I photographed someone enough, I could never really lose them.† (Goldin, I’ll Be Your Mirror, 256). But has admitted that when she put the portfolio together it made her realize how little photography did because it could not save her friend. The first three images I have selected are from The Cookie Portfolio (Goldin, I’ll Be Your Mirror, 256-273). The first two, Cookie laughing, NYC 1985 and Cookie with me after I was punched, Baltimore, Md., 1986, show Cookie Mueller as a friend. Even though she is alone in the first image, she is engaged in genuine laughter with someone outside of the frame. She is a part of the world, engaged in it and very much involved in it, as an actress, a writer, a mother, a lover, and as a friend. She is especially portrayed as a friend in the second image. Nan Goldin has just been punched by another photographer at a convention. Mueller stands by her side with a fierce loyalty. She also holds onto Goldin’s shoulder in a protective, motherly way. Even as she is an actress, a writer, a mother, a lover, and a friend, she is also a woman with AIDS. It is in the last image of Mueller that one begins to see the isolation that begins to take over. It is a self-imposed isolation as well as one that society contrives upon those who are different. In Cookie being x-rayed, NYC, October...

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Explained

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Explained Maslows hierarchy of needs is a theory by Abraham Maslow, which puts forward that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. Key Takeaways: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs According to Maslow, we have five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.In this theory, higher needs in the hierarchy begin to emerge when people feel they have sufficiently satisfied the previous need.Although later research does not fully support all of Maslow’s theory, his research has impacted other psychologists and contributed to the field of positive psychology. What Is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? In order to better understand what motivates human beings, Maslow proposed that human needs can be organized into a hierarchy. This hierarchy ranges from more concrete needs- such as food and water- to more abstract concepts such as self-fulfillment. According to Maslow, when a lower need is met, the next need on the hierarchy becomes our focus of attention. These are the five categories of needs according to Maslow: Physiological These refer to basic physical needs, such as drinking when thirsty or eating when hungry. According to Maslow, some of these needs involve our efforts to meet the body’s need for homeostasis; that is, maintaining consistent levels in different bodily systems (for example, maintaining a body temperature of 98.6 degrees). Maslow considered physiological needs to be the most essential of our needs. If someone is lacking in more than one need, they’re likely to try to meet these physiological needs first. For example, if someone is extremely hungry, it’s hard to focus on anything else besides food. Another example of a physiological need would be the need for adequate sleep. Safety Once people’s physiological requirements are met, the next need that arises is a safe environment. Our safety needs are apparent even early in childhood, as children have a need for safe and predictable environments and typically react with fear or anxiety when these needs are not met. Maslow pointed out that, in adults living in developed nations, safety needs can be more apparent in emergency situations (e.g. war and disasters), but this need can also explain why we tend to  prefer the familiar  or why we do things like purchasing insurance and contributing to a savings account. Love and Belonging According to Maslow, the next need in the hierarchy involves feeling loved and accepted. This need includes both romantic relationships as well as ties to friends and family members. It also includes our need to feel that we belong to a social group. Importantly, this need encompasses both feeling loved  and  feeling love towards others. Since Maslow’s time, researchers have continued to explore how love and belonging needs impact well-being. For example, having social connections is related to better physical health and, conversely, feeling isolated (i.e. having unmet belonging needs) has negative consequences for health and well-being. Esteem Our esteem needs involve the desire to feel good about ourselves. According to Maslow, esteem needs include two components. The first involves feeling self-confidence and feeling good about oneself. The second component involves feeling valued by others; that is, feeling that our achievements and contributions have been recognized by other people. When people’s esteem needs are met, they feel confident and see their contributions and achievements as valuable and important. However, when their esteem needs are not met, they may experience what psychologist Alfred Adler called â€Å"feelings of inferiority.† Self-Actualization Self-actualization refers to feeling fulfilled, or feeling that we are living up to our potential. One unique feature of self-actualization is that it looks different for everyone. For one person, self-actualization might involve helping others; for another person, it might involve achievements in an artistic or creative field. Essentially, self-actualization means feeling that we are doing what we feel we are meant to do. According to Maslow, achieving self-actualization is relatively rare, and his examples of famous self-actualized individuals include Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, and Mother Teresa. How People Progress Through the Hierarchy of Needs Maslow postulated that there were several prerequisites to meeting these needs. For example, having freedom of speech and freedom of expression, or living in a just and fair society, aren’t specifically mentioned within the hierarchy of needs. However, Maslow believed that having these things makes it easier for people to achieve their needs. In addition to these needs, Maslow also believed that we have a need to learn new information and to better understand the world around us. This is partially because learning more about our environment helps us meet our other needs; for example, learning more about the world can help us feel safer, and developing a better understanding of a topic one is passionate about can contribute to self-actualization. However, Maslow also believed that this call to understand the world around us is an innate need as well. Although Maslow presented his needs in a hierarchy, he also acknowledged that meeting each need is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon. Consequently, people don’t need to completely satisfy one need in order for the next need in the hierarchy to emerge. Maslow suggests that, at any given time, most people tend to have each of their needs partly met- and that needs lower on the hierarchy are typically the ones that people have made the most progress towards. Additionally, Maslow pointed out that one behavior might meet two or more needs. For example, sharing a meal with someone meets the physiological need for food, but it might also meet the need of belonging. Similarly, working as a paid caregiver would provide someone with income (which allows them to pay for food and shelter), but can also provide them a sense of social connection and fulfillment. Testing Maslow’s Theory In the time since Maslow published his original paper, his idea that we go through five specific stages hasn’t always been supported by research. In a 2011 study of human needs across cultures, researchers Louis Tay and Ed Diener looked at data from over 60,000 participants in over 120 different countries. They assessed six needs similar to Maslow’s: basic needs (similar to Maslow’s physiological needs), safety, love, pride and respect (similar to Maslow’s esteem needs), mastery, and autonomy. They found that meeting these needs was indeed linked to well-being. In particular, having basic needs met was linked to people’s overall assessment of their lives, and feeling positive emotions was linked to meeting the needs of feeling loved and respected. However, although Tay and Diener found support for some of Maslow’s basic needs, the order that people go through these steps seems to be more of a rough guide than a strict rule. For example, people living in poverty might have trouble meeting their needs for food and safety. However, these individuals still sometimes reported feeling loved and supported by the people around them- meeting the previous needs in the hierarchy wasn’t a prerequisite for people to meet their love and belonging needs. Maslow’s Impact on Other Researchers Maslow’s theory has had a strong influence on other researchers, who have sought to build on his theory. For example, psychologists Carol Ryff and Burton Singer drew on Maslow’s theories when developing their theory of eudaimonic well-being. According to Ryff and Singer, eudaimonic well-being refers to feeling purpose and meaning- which is similar to Maslow’s idea of self-actualization. Psychologists Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary built on Maslow’s idea of love and belonging needs. According to Baumeister and Leary, feeling that one belongs is a fundamental need, and they suggest that feeling isolated or left out can have negative consequences for mental and physical health. Sources: Baumeister, Roy F., and Mark R. Leary. â€Å"The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.† Psychological Bulletin 117.3 (1995): 97-529. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777651ï » ¿Kremer, William, and Claudia Hammond. â€Å"Abraham Maslow and the Pyramid That Beguiled Business.† BBC (2013, Sep. 1). https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23902918Maslow, Abraham Harold. â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation.†Ã‚  Psychological Review  50.4 (1943): 370-396. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1943-03751-001Ryff, Carol D., and Burton H. Singer. â€Å"Know Thyself and Become What You Are: A Eudaimonic Approach to Psychological Well-Being.†Ã‚  Journal of Happiness Studies  9.1 (2008): 13-39. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0Tay, Louis, and Ed Diener. â€Å"Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the World.†Ã‚  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  101.2 (2011): 354-365. http://psy cnet.apa.org/record/2011-12249-001Villarica, Hans. â€Å"Maslow 2.0: A New and Improved Recipe for Happiness.† The Atlantic (2011, Aug. 17). https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/08/maslow-20-a-new-and-improved-recipe-for-happiness/243486/

Nursing Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing Philosophy - Assignment Example At the core of nursing is patient outcomes to the extent that the wellbeing of the patient, and indeed the general public, should be at the centre of the heart of every nurse. The practice of nursing should be based on continuous professional development, respect for culture and personal views, and high ethical standards. In this respect, the nurse should be accountable, compassionate, and professional as noted by Kutin (2013). Like Florence Nightingale, I believe that nursing goes beyond profession and is, in fact, a calling. As a calling, nursing is dedicated to helping those in need with humility to the extent that the nurse must be willing to devote long hours toward work and endure stressful situations. Given that people experience different issues, are influenced by different factors (spiritual, developmental, economic, ethic, and social among others) and hold different views, patience centered care should be practiced by the nurse. In line with my values, I believe that nursing is concerned with the preservation of life. In this respect, nursing involves working as an individual and as part of a team to provide the highest possible quality of care, achieve optimal patient outcomes, and improve patient safety as noted by St. Mary’s