Symbolic Speech And Its Impact - 1454 Words

Kayla Rivera POS 2041 Professor Lightfoot 15 November 2015 O’Brien v. United States: Symbolic Speech and Its Impact Symbolic speech is a type of speech used to express one’s ideas. The notion of symbolic speech is protected in the United States constitution which evidently says: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press...† (U. S. Constitution). The freedom of speech represents one of the most vital amendments in the United States Constitution and carries its involvement regularly. The several varieties of speech that is protected in the Constitution affects each individual and one’s privileges, but this first amendment†¦show more content†¦The Supreme Court decided that O’Brien and others who burned their draft cards were to be charged and their ruling was indeed constitutional and did not violate their freedom of speech. This ruling affected all of American and thoroughly outlined the details of symbolic speech and the protections ser ved under the United States Constitution. On March 31 1966, David O Brien and three acquaintances scorched their selective service registration cards, or draft cards, on the steps of the South Boston Courthouse, as a public protest against the Vietnam War. (â€Å"United States v. O Brien – Significance,† n.d. ). During this time, the Vietnam War was a highly debatable occurrence in history. Various people disagreed with sending troops to war. This act of burning their draft cards was much more than a sign of rebellion, it was a symbol to prevent the catastrophic deaths of those unwillingly sent off to war. According to Boston College(n.d.), after the draft card burning, O’Brien was convicted of violating a law (50 U.S.C. 462(b)(3)) which Congress in 1965 amended to punish anyone who â€Å"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates† or in any other manner changes a draft card, adding the quoted words which also was in violation of the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1948. This law correspondingly requires all who registered for the draft, must keep their draft cards on hand at all times. [It] shall be the

Ruthless Paper Writings Strategies Exploited

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Positive Accounting Theory for Financial Accounting

Question: Describe about the Financial Accounting of Positive Accounting Theory. Answer: Limitations of PAT Positive accounting theory mainly states about the principle of conservatism in accounting due to which lower standards of verifiability is required to consider the incomeslosses of an organization. According to this theory, companies are viewed as the summation of every contract they have indulged in (Tinker Neimark, 1982). The cornerstone of such theory is that a company is mainly known or highlighted by the contracts that has been undertaken and play a crucial role in managing the business. The positive accounting theory mainly examines various transactions and events that take place in the real world and it does not seek to prescribe particular actions (Christenson, 1983). A real world example must be stated to properly explain the limitation or disadvantage of positive accounting theory. Several obscure financial securities owned by the bank prior to financial crisis were considered in a manner that is same to common assets and various other real estates. Banks were accounting for these securities in such a way that it hid the material variations in their value which was significant for their functioning. That variation in value was relevant to the financials of the companies and every day operations were not portraying an accurate position of the financial position of companies. With the negative assistance of positive accounting theory, banks represented an inaccurate portrayal of their financial position to the whole world. Therefore, as positive theory is very much practical in nature and positive researchers support their conclusions with empirical evidence and inductive theory in contrast to the deductive methods. Also, positivists are inspired by anecdotal evidence but this evidence cannot be permitted without more controlled scientific investigation. Criticisms of PAT There are several criticisms to the Positive Accounting Theory (PAT). Firstly, it does not provide prescription and ways of enhancing accounting practices as it ignores various struggles and obstacles. Secondly, it is not value-free in nature because it asserts an assumption that every action is driven by self-interest. Moreover, the variable that had been removed from the theory could be substituted by the size of firms and other bonus plans (Horngren, 2013). Further it is based on invalid fundamental assumptions that every action is driven by a desire to enhance the wealth of an individual. It has to be noted that such assumptions represent a far too simple and negative aspect of mankind. It needs to be noted that the holdout samples in the theory were not employed by the managers in the time of making choice of accounting methods (Needles Power, 2013). The issues being addressed by the theory have not portrayed great development since its general inception in the 1970s. Various r esearch accompanied within the positive accounting theory gives due importance to individual accounting choices in time of its application but it must be noted that because of this organizations will have a varied number of options related to accounting, that can have a negative impact on the financial position and performance of the organization. Further, the proxies or measurements that are employed within the theory are often far too simple in nature which means that it failed to address the relevant and true matters within the organization. Positive accounting theory is considered scientifically flawed and hence it is also regarded as a very problematic theory as accountants cannot place a good amount of reliance on such theory (Deegan, 2009). Last but not the least, researchers of positive accounting theory believe that they can create several principles and laws which can function in every situation but during the conduct of large scale empirical researches, positive accountin g theory does not take into account several relationships that are mostly organizational-specific. All these criticisms must be given due importance by the organizations because ignorance of such can hamper its functioning. Therefore, it must be observed that positive accounting theory has some limitations and several criticisms too. It fails to provide a clear and appropriate understanding of the problems and also does not predict accurately (Watts Supreme, 1986). The main purpose behind this theory was to provide enhanced exposure and simplicity but these limitations and flaws restrict them to do so. Because of these shortcomings and limitations, verifiability standards to consider incomes and losses are not much required which gives an unfair advantage to companies just like in the examples stated above (Watts Supreme, 1986). Banks took the support of positive accounting theories and falsely predicted their financial performance by hiding the material changes in the value of securities. Refinement of such theories is highly required so that it can serve its purpose in a more appropriate way. References Christenson, C. (1983). The Methodology of Positive Accounting. The Accounting Review. 14(4), 122. Deegan, C. M. (2009). In Financial accounting theory. North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill. Needles, B. E Powers, M. (2013).Principles of Financial Accounting. Financial Accounting Series, 12 ed, Cengage Learning. Tinker, T, B.M, and Neimark M. (1982). The Normative Origins of Positive Theories: Ideology and Accounting Thought, Accounting, Organizations and Society 2, 167200. Watts, R. and Supreme J. (1986). Positive Accounting Theory, Edgewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Horngren, C. (2013). Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group.

Out of Africa and Shadows in the Grass

Table of Contents Thesis Response Conclusion References Thesis As a foreigner living in Africa, the author of Out of Africa and Shadows on the Grass supports the colonial system that was imposed by the British colonial in British East Africa now know as Kenya. The author, Isak Dinesen and other European settlers moved to Africa to look for a new and better life away from home (Enloe, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Out of Africa and Shadows in the Grass specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The colonial governments promised these settlers huge tracts of land and availability of cheap labor for the any production process that they would engage in while at the farm. Most of these settlers were attracted to this offer, including Isak Dinesen (Karin Blixen) and moved to the colonial protectorates. The book mainly describes the author`s life in Africa where she lived and called home for close to 20 ye ars. She arrived from Denmark to marry her spouse and settled in a farm located 10 miles from the colony`s capital, Nairobi. She lived in a huge coffee plantation that was about 6,000 acres in size. Labor in the farm was provided by the local squatters from the Kikuyu community. They worked for 180 days and in return they were given wages and the right to live and farm in their master’s land. Although the book talks about the beautiful life and the landscape of the countryside which the author describes she and other settlers in the colony supported the colonial administration. It is this administration that supported them while in the colony in terms of provision of land and capital during the early days. The colonial government also offered them protection and security. The settlers were also protected by the law since it favored them more than the native Africans. As a result, the author and the African natives had no option but to support the colonial government. Response The book Out of Africa and the Shadows in the Grass mainly talk about the life and experience of Isak Dinesen in British East Africa (Dinesen, 1989). In the book, she has developed several characterless; both Europeans and Africans. Even though she talks about the love and respect that she had with the natives, it is clearly evident that she viewed them to be less superior as compared to the Europeans. The author had a lot of respect to the government. She respected its administration and ensured that she followed its rules and regulations. In the book she speaks of the great respect she owed to government officials (Densen, 1989, p. 11).Advertising Looking for critical writing on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She hoped for the colonial rule to continue its operations in the country as this will lead to a lot of development especially in the town of Nairobi (Densen, 1989, p. 20). Due to this respect, she accompanied the British forces on one expedition during the war although it had to be cut short (Densen, 1989, p. 261). The book describes the might and power that the white man had over his subjects. The author for example had several squatters who worked in her farm. She paid them a small amount of salary which can be compared to minimum wage for the services that they provided to her farm. â€Å"I used to know my squatters children well for they both worked for me on the farm,† (Densen, 1989, p. 21). This act can be considered as exploitation of individuals and violation of human rights. After the First World War, the prices of coffee went up in the world market. To ensure that they earn maximum profits, the author and other settlers increased the production of the precious commodity to meet the high demand of the world. This meant that more land was put under cultivation of coffee and more labor was required to meet this expedition. As a result, more Africans were put in the farms and the intensity of work was increased. The settlers had a target to achieve and despite the hard work that was provided by the natives, their wages or terms of living in the farms remained relatively the same. This was a typical behavior of the colonial government and the settlers to undermine the rights of the natives (Lenman and Anderson, 2000). In the book, the author has developed several characters. These are the people whom she made friends with while living at her farm in the British colony. Denys Finch Hatton was one of them. The author described him as a charming handsome person. He was liked by everyone including the native Africans. He came to Africa as a farmer and a trader but with time he changed his career and became a white hunter a character that charmed the author. The author had a lot of love and respect for the man and it is believed that they were lovers. Another character was Farah Aden. When the author first met him, she thought that he was an Indian. However, Aden was a member of the Somali community who inhabited the northern part of the colony.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Out of Africa and Shadows in the Grass specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They were made up of good looking people; slim in body but of fierce character. Most of the settlers loved them and made them the managers of their farms. This is because they were effective, efficient and accountable. Blixen describes them as being a superior community of the Africans in terms of their culture and intelligence (Densen, 1989, p. 12). Kamante and Kinanjui were the African characters in her book. Kamante was crippled when the author knew him (Densen, 1989, p. 21). Through their relationship, he was treated by the Scottish doctors at a mission hospital near the farm. Kinanjui on the other hand was an African chief. â€Å"He was a crafty old man, with fine manner, and much greatnes s to him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the author said (Densen, 1989, p.136). He was a man of good character and greatness as compared to other African leaders of the time. Because of this fact therefore, the colonialist had a good relationship with him unlike his predecessor. From the characters which have been presented in the book, clearly there is some element of discrimination. The author views her fellow Europeans to be more powerful, well behaved and respected (Steeves, 1998). On the other extreme end are the Africans. They have the lowest status in the society, with minimal rights. Only a few of them are seen as having a desired character. Most of them are ignorant. As stated by the author, â€Å"Until you knew a native well, it was impossible to get a straight answer from him,† (Densen, 1989, p. 17). The colonial government and settlers relied on those individuals who had the desired character and use them to exploit the rest. That is why they preferred the Somalis to be the manager s of their farms. The author has clearly stated that they were individuals of great character and intelligence as compared to other Africans (Densen, 1989, p. 12). They therefore gave them great positions to have influence and support from them. Also in the book, the author talks about the character called Kinanjui, an African chief. The main reason she liked him was because of his character and greatness.Advertising Looking for critical writing on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He collaborated with the colonial government and ensured that the interests of the author and other settlers in the region were safe from any attacks from the natives. His predecessor did not have this character in him (Densen, 1989, p.136). He was against European collaboration and fought for the rights and independence of African. Due to this fact, he was demoted by the colonial government and Kinanjui took his place. The settlers therefore followed the footsteps and guidance from the colonial government on how to deal with the natives. They used the divide and rule technique to gain influence over their subjects. They identified individuals from the native communities who had desirable characters and influence over the rest of the community and used them to control the others. Therefore, the settlers were in support of the colonial administration and used several tactics to ensure that their subjects were under their authority and command (Van Zwanenberg, 1975). As time went by, the tension between the Africans and the European increased. The Africans started to demand for their independence. They wanted their rights to be restored and have the chance to rule themselves. These grievances were not considered at all by the colonial government. The Africans started to organize themselves into militia groups in retaliation and fight for their independence. Their main target at that time was to kill the European landholders and go against the rules set by the government. By the time the author left the country, the situation was relatively cool but to be on the safe side, she had protection from the colonial government. She supported the move to minimize the movements of Africans even while at her farm. It was no longer safe for settlers to live freely like they used to. They had to be armed always and have security personnel to ensure their safety and take care of them. That is why it was crucial for Blixen to have a good relationship with the local chief, Kina njui. She said, â€Å"Kinanjui was a friend of mine and he had been helpful to me on many occasions,† (Densen, 1989, p. 136). He ensured that her safety and the safety of her properties. She also has a good relationship with the natives. She had firearms in her house which she had used for hunting on several occasions (Densen, 1989, p. 171). They were also means of protection in dangerous times although they were never used for this purpose. Conclusion The book Out of Africa and the Shadows on the Grass mainly talks about the time that Isak Dinesen (Karin Blixen) time in Kenya. During this time, she developed a lot of love for the people, their culture and the landscape of the region which she was living in. In the process she made a lot of friends and had a lot of experiences that made her life to be like an adventure. However, it is evident from her writings that as a foreigner living in Africa she supported the colonial system. This is because they gave her the land and su pport she needed to survive and become successful in the colony. They also provided her with security and ensured her well being. She also shared the same ideologies and characters with the colonial masters. Despite all this, she loved the natives and had a good relationship in them which made her stay in the colony to be great. References Dinesen, I. (1989). Out of Africa and Shadows on the Grass. New York: Vintage Books Enloe, C.H. (2000). Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of  International Politics. California: University of California Press Lenman, B. and Anderson, T. (2000). Chambers dictionary of world history. Boston: Chambers Steeves, M. (1998). Karen Blixen – Isak Dinesen Information Site.  Retrieved from http://karenblixen.com/ Van Zwanenberg, R. (1975). Colonial capitalism and labour in Kenya, 1919-1939.  Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau This critical writing on Out of Africa and Shadows in the Grass was written and submitted by user NickFury to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.